Soil stabilizer carrier

ABSTRACT

A method for applying a water soluble soil stabilizer to soil wherein the soil stabilizer is added to a solid carrier.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/686,241 filed Oct. 15, 2003 which is a continuation-in-partof U.S. Pat. No. 7,503,143, issued Mar. 17, 2009.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

A method for applying a water soluble soil stabilizer to soil whereinthe soil stabilizer is added to a solid carrier.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Water soluble polyacrylamides (PAMs) have been proposed as soilamendments for various agricultural purposes. Water soluble polymers,generically described as polyacrylamides (PAMs) appear to have a varietyof beneficial soil amendment properties, including minimization of waterrun-off, erosion, and crusting, stabilization of soil structure, andbinding of nutrients and microbes within soil.

Since the late 1980's there has been renewed interest in the use ofwater soluble polymers for soil physical improvement. Although PAM hasbeen used for soil structure improvement since the 1940's and inagriculture since the 1950's the kinds of PAM used and the methods ofapplication were different. Early PAMs had lower molecular weights thantoday's PAMs. They were applied to the soil at high rates, and wereincorporated into the top soil by tillage.

In addition to the current interest in anionic PAMs as soilconditioners, they are widely used for other applications. PAMs are usedfor mineral and coal processing, petroleum production, paper making,water treating, food processing, and other miscellaneous applications.

Polyacrylamide is a synthetic water-soluble polymer made from monomersof acrylamide. It binds soil particles in the water and irrigated furrowtogether, making particles larger so the water has a harder time washingthem out of the field.

Polyacrylamides are compounds that hold on to nutrients and troublesomemicrobes before they can escape from soil and make their way to ponds,lakes, streams, rivers, and/or ground water. PAM has been shown to helpkeep nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous in fertilizers, fromtraveling beyond the farm in irrigation runoff. Similarly, PAM helpskeep disease causing microbes, like those in cow, pig, or fish manure,from being swept beyond the confines of farmyards or feedlots.

PAM's three most common forms are dry granules, solid blocks (cubes) andemulsified liquids. The application method of PAM chosen depends on theform of PAM selected.

The use of dry granular PAM into irrigation water requires the use of anaugured metering system and excellent mixing and thorough dissolvingbefore the PAM reaches the irrigated furrows. Dry granules of PAM can beapplied either by dissolving directly in the irrigation ditch before ithits the furrow, or applied directly in the furrow using what is knownas the “patch method”. The patch method involves placing PAM at thepoint in the furrow where the water first hits; applying it for a lengthof about 3-5 feet down the furrow to reduce the risk of the PAM becomingburied in the furrow or washing down the furrow with little to noeffect. The patch method creates a sort of gel-slab at the top of thefurrow where the water slowly dissolves the PAM and carries it down thefurrow.

In order for the PAM to dissolve into a liquid properly in theirrigation ditch it must have proper agitation. Unlike sugar or saltwhich dissolve fairly quick in water, granular PAM needs to be agitatedthoroughly in order for it to dissolve. If not agitated, PAM globulesform, and in time the globules can float down the furrow with littleeffect on the furrow erosion. A way to make sure the applied PAM isdissolved is to have a drop structure in the ditch to add turbulence tothe water before it hits the furrow. Another tip to achieve desireddissolving is to apply it close to the point where the irrigation waterfirst hits the ditch. In a concrete ditch, tins or boards will providesufficient turbulence. In an earthen ditch a drop dam works nicely.

There are many known problems for applying PAM to the soil using presentapplications. The dry formulation is easy to handle, but must be keptdry due to its affinity for moisture. The dry material is primarily usedfor open ditch application due to the difficulty of getting the materialinto a water pipeline. For best results, the applicators used todispense the bulk material are placed upstream of the irrigation set andaway from any splashing water droplets.

When exposed to humidity, polyacrylamide granules tend to stick to eachother and to drop tubes which can then plug. The flow rate for granularPAM ranges from 2 to 33 grams per minute depending on irrigation flowand desired concentration in the irrigation water. A small error in therate of metered PAM will lead to large differences in concentration inirrigation inflow water. Dry PAM applicator considerations include:dispensing rates of 1 to 35 grams/min; precalibrated or easilycalibrated for fast setup in the field; portability; lasting powersupply.

With a closed pipe system, the liquid formulation is normallyrecommended. Using an injector pump, the liquid can be pumped directlyinto the irrigation pipeline. Turbulence in the pipeline, such as anelbow, helps mix the PAM with the water. The natural turbulence in apipeline 100 feet long or greater is likely sufficient for mixing. Theliquid material is, however, difficult to handle outside of thecontainer. To clean up anything that has come in contact with liquidPAM, it is common practice to “wash” the PAM off with soil. The PAM willadhere to the soil particles making cleanup with water possible.

The liquid formulation also can be used for open ditch applications;however, if a pump is not being used, and the liquid dribbles into thewater, the viscosity of the liquid can change with temperature changingthe calibrated delivery rate. Keeping the containers out of directsunlight will reduce, but not eliminate, this problem.

Liquid PAM can be metered directly from the container into theirrigation ditch, directly into the furrow, or through a pipe line orinjector pump. Emulsified PAM (special liquid PAM solutions) can beapplied like the granular form into irrigation ditches or into furrowsusing the patch method. Emulsified PAM doesn't require quite thevigorous mixing as the granular form, but still needs adequate mixingfor dissolving. Emulsified PAM is more voluminous than dry forms, buthas an easier time dissolving and is the only form of PAM that should beused for sprinkler irrigating systems, due to greatly reduced the riskof clogging the lines.

The solid formulation of PAM is placed in an area where turbulence isoccurring. The action of the water slowly dissolves the polyacrylamideinto the flowing water. The only way to control the amount added intothe water is to control where the solid PAM is placed and how long it isleft in the water. Calibration for dispersion rate has not yet beendetermined, so trial and error is the current method used.

PAM blocks (or cubes) are usually placed in wire baskets in flowingditches at turbulent points. The wire baskets need to be secured to theedge of the ditch to avoid washing of the blocks down the ditch. Theblocks slowly dissolve, releasing small amounts of PAM into the water.Of the three forms PAM blocks may not perform as well as liquid orgranular PAM in furrow irrigation. PAM blocks, however, have been usefulfor treating settling ponds to accelerate water clarification andpromote flocculation. They can also be used to dose concentrated runoffareas on fields that otherwise cause uncontrolled erosion.

Adding polyacrylamide to water is much different than adding most othermaterials. For example, if a cup of salt water is added to a gallon ofwater and stirred, the salt will, in a short period of time, dissolve.However, when polyacrylamide is added to water, turbulence is necessaryto ensure adequate mixing. Without adequate mixing, the polyacrylamidewill not immediately dissolve and PAM globules will form. In time, theseglobules will find their way to the field and can be seen floating downthe furrow. Although not as likely, globules do still occur withinjector system use. If PAM is being applied with a center pivot,sprinkler nozzle, plugging may occur if the PAM solution is not wellmixed.

The application method depends on the material selected. Granular PAMrequires some form of augured metering system. Solid blocks should beplaced in a wire basket and secured to the side of the ditch to avoidwashing the block downstream. Liquid PAM can be metered directly fromthe container into an open ditch or through an injector pump into apipeline.

If adding either liquid or dry PAM to an open ditch, the discharge pointis kept at least 2 feet away from the flowing water. Small droplets ofwater can cause the PAM to clog at the outlet and stop flow. Ifturbulence in the water is causing splashing, the applicator is movedaway so that the water does not contact the container or move theturbulent flow downstream.

Another concern, is the type of water used for irrigation. Becausepolyacrylamide attaches to the soil particles and binds them together,water containing a lot of sediment may result in sediment settling outbefore water is diverted into the furrows. In general, this does notaffect PAM's effectiveness, but with extremely sediment-laden ditchwater, sediment may build up and restrict flow in the supply ditch. Thisis also a concern for underground transport pipes. If the water velocityin the pipe is insufficient to lift the accumulated sediment, pipe flowmay be restricted. Though the pipe flow rate is reduced, the pipe is notlikely to plug completely, since as the sediment decreases the pipe'sinside diameter, water velocity increases.

Different soil textures and field slopes can give different results whenreceiving equal quantities of PAM. One can start with the 10 ppm rateand increase or decrease the concentration based on the clarity of therunoff leaving the field.

For maximum effectiveness, thoroughly mix PAM with the irrigation waterbefore application. In an open ditch, let the water pass over at leastone drop structure or some ditch obstruction to cause turbulence beforewater is diverted into the furrows. In an earthen ditch, a drop dam willsuffice; in a concrete ditch, boards can be used to create theturbulence. In some cases a drop is created in order to adequately mixthe material in water. In gated pipe, the pipe swirling action willgenerally cause enough mixing within the first 2-3 pipe joints. Ifpressure in gated pipe is relatively low, 3 feet or less, a Krause Boxcan be used to create a drop structure in the pipeline.

Regardless of what form of PAM is supplied to the farmers (dry material,concentrated material, or pre-mixed stock solution) it is important toprovide aggressive mixing (agitation) at the point of application of PAMto the water sources. The agitation requirement increases as theconcentration of stock solution increases and is greatest for use ofdirect dry PAM application. Agitation should be provided by use of astream drop and multiple flow obstructions near the point of injection.With vigorous turbulent flow 25-50 ft of ditch canal should be allowedfor stock solution mixing before the first siphon tube withdrawal orgate. Dry PAM may need longer ditch runs for adequate mixing. If usinggated pipe, the first length of gated pipe after the point of PAMinjection should have one or two baffles to enhance mixing. PAM shouldnot be added upstream from weed screens or filters of any kind. Heatingof water of stock solution greatly enhances PAM dissolution and mixing.

The furrow is considered treated once the water reaches the end of thefield, and additional polymer is normally not required for thatirrigation. In many cases, producers have found that, rather thanapplying PAM until water advances to the end of the field, protection isadequate by applying PAM only until water advances 50 percent or less ofthe field length. The advantages are erosion control in the top portionof a field, reduction of sediment deposits in the bottom portion of thefield and reduced application costs.

Because polyacrylamide attaches itself to the soil near the surface,cultivation or ditching after PAM application results in loss ofeffectiveness. PAM should be reapplied after cultivation or ditchingdisturbs the soil surface. Once applied, PAM is not effective all seasonlong. However, after the initial application, PAM does continue to offersome erosion control during subsequent irrigations. Factors, such assoil type, field slope and irrigation furrow stream size, will determinethe long-term effectiveness of a single PAM application.

Inadequate mixing of PAM may result in highly concentrated PAM beingapplied in the first few furrows and insufficient PAM in the furrowsfurthest from the point of injection.

The use of automated timers or liquid shutoff valves can be problematicfor controlling PAM injection because it is difficult to accuratelypredict furrow advance time. If advance time is slower than expected,the bottom portion of the fields will not be treated with PAM. If furrowadvance is faster than expected more PAM than necessary will be appliedand PAM losses in runoff water could occur.

If using PAM in sprinkler irrigation, the pipes must be pressurized tobe sure water is delivered before injecting PAM into the flow. Thisprotocol assures that PAM does not build up in sprinkler lines beforewater enters the pipes (which would violate the caution of not addingwater to PAM). Benefits of using PAM with sprinkler irrigation are muchless dramatic than with furrow irrigation. Applying 2-4 lb PAM per acrecan reduce erosion and increase infiltration during the irrigation undersome conditions. However, beneficial effects last for only one or twoirrigations.

PAM treatment has usually been by injection of small amounts ofconcentrated stock solutions into the irrigation water supply. There issome indication that direct powder addition may be feasible, but theconcept has not been extensively tested.

PAMs are applied via irrigation water to only that small part of thesoil that play a role in the physical processes of erosion, sealing andcrust formation.

Water-applied PAM increases soil cohesion and strengthens the aggregatesit contacts in the furrow by binding exposed soil particles togethermore securely. This greatly reduces detachment and transport ofsediments in irrigation runoff. Soil erodibility at the soil waterinterface is reduced by improved inter-aggregate bonding and bettermaintenance of surface roughness. PAM also acts as a settling agent. Itflocculates (clumps together) the fine particles. If an irrigation isnot adjusted, over-wetting of the upper and/or underwatering of thelower ends could be worsened.

Most states require that agricultural chemicals (including soilamendments such as PAM) meet safety and state labeling requirements. ThePAMs currently labeled are water soluble, anionic (11-20%), high (10-15million) molecular weight compounds meeting EPA and FDA monomer limitsbelow 0.05%. PAM is available in several forms: dry powder or granulescontaining 80-95% active ingredient (AI); inverse oil-emersion liquidconcentrates containing 30-50% AI (PAM is dissolved in water dropletsthat float in an oil matrix); and pre-mixed PAM-water solutionscontaining <3% PAM.

At a minimum PAM should be used on the first irrigation and when soil isdisturbed by traffic and/or cultivation. Additional applications at orbelow label amounts may be considered to provide complete erosioncontrol for the entire season. If PAM is applied in the first irrigationand subsequent irrigations have no PAM in the water, then erosioncontrol and infiltration effects can be expected to declineapproximately 50% with each non-treated irrigation. Thus, by the thirdirrigation, little effect remains. For those crops in which erosionnaturally subsides during mid season, PAM need not be applied after thenatural erosion reducing properties ensue.

Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a long-chain molecule commonly used to cleanwaste water. To date, the primary market for this compound has beenmunicipal wastewater treatment facilities. It makes the fine solids intreated water glom onto one another, until they become big enough tosettle out or be captured by filters to make sewage sludge.

PAM seeks out and binds to the broken edges of clay particles, whichcarry a negative charge. By increasing the cohesiveness of soilparticles on the soil surface of a field, PAM makes dirt more resistantto the highly erosive shear forces exerted by water flowing over it.This binding is referred to as flocculation. Flocculation is used todescribe the action of polymeric materials which form bridges betweenindividual particles. Bridging occurs when segments of a polymer chainadsorb on different particles and help particles aggregate. Flocculantscarry active groups with a charge which will counterbalance the chargeof the particles. Flocculants adsorb on particles and causedestabilization either by bridging or charge neutralization. An anionicflocculant will usually react against a positively charged suspension(positive zeta potential). That is the case of salts and metallichydroxides. A cationic flocculant will react against a negativelycharged suspension (negative zeta potential) like silica or organicsubstances.

The most common polymers are those based on polyacrylamide, which is anonionic polymer. Their effect is due to bridging between particles bypolymer chains. Polymers can be given anionic character bycopolymerizing acrylamide with acrylic acid. Cationic polymers areprepared by copolymerizing acrylamide with a cationic monomer. Allavailable acrylamide based polymers have a specific amount of ionicmonomer giving a certain degree of ionic character. They have a specificaverage molecular weight (i.e. chain length) and a given moleculardistribution. For each suspension, a certain degree of anionic, cationicor nonionic character is beneficial. Usually, the intrinsic flocculatingpower increases with the molecular weight. Polyacrylamides have thehighest molecular weight among the synthesized industrial chemicals inthe range of 10-20 millions. Other polymers display specific propertiesand are used under specific conditions. They are mostly:Polyethylene-imines, polyamides-amines, polyamines, polyethylene-oxide,sulfonated compounds.

Anionic PAM are “Off the Shelf” Industrial Flocculants used extensivelyfor: potable water treatment, dewatering of sewage sludges, washing andlye-peeling of fruits and vegetables, clarification of sugar juice andliquor, adhesives and paper in contact with food, animal feed thickenersand suspending agents, cosmetics, paper manufacturing and various miningand drilling applications.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,357,176 relates to a soil and grass seed-less sodprecursor containing a non-woven bio-cellulosic fiber mat and grasssprigs. The sod precursor can be used to produce a soil-free sod whichis useful for manufacturing athletic fields, golf courses and lawns. Themat may contain other materials in addition to the bio-cellulosic fiber.The mat may contain other types of fibers, such as wood fibers orsynthetic organic fibers. Wood fibers may increase the water retentionof the mat. Examples of organic fibers include acrylic, cellulose ester,elastomeric, olefin, polyester, polyamide and polyvinyl alcohol fibers.A synthetic organic polymer may function as a binder. The mat may alsocontain non-fibrous polymers, such as polysaccharides, proteins,polyacrylamide and other water retention agents. The prior art patentuses polyacrylamide to increase water retention of the mat.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,038 relates to a cultivation substrate and method ofpreparing the same. The cultivation substrate contains comminuted plantsselected from among knot grass, C4 plants and plants of the cannabis andDicksonia genuses, and is suited as a peat substitute. During thecomminution process, or thereafter, additives may be added, depending onthe later use of the cultivation substrate. Polyacrylamide granules,clay mineral mixtures, ground lava rock, pumice, bentonite, sand, wastepaper, fly ash from brown-coal combustion, brown-coal waste and allkinds of fertilizers are suited as additives. Polyacrylamide granulesimprove the cultivation substrate of the invention in that it possessesa high water storing capacity for the mulch. Gelling cross-linkedpolyacrylamide granules, as are e.g., obtainable under the namePolywater-Aqua-Plus from Polyplant GmbH, Xanten, are especiallyadvantageous. This prior art patent uses polyacrylamide to increase thewater storing capacity of the mulch.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,117 relates to a synthetic sheet material resistantto decay by fungus and other microbial organisms and useful in shoeconstruction, mulch papers and the like. The material comprises auniform distribution of cellulose and optionally synthetic fiber withina matrix or binder and is formed from a furnish of the fibers; ametallic quinolinolate which lends the material decay resistant; apolymer colloid such as an acrylic latex which prevents the coagulationof the subsequently added elastomeric binder by the metallicquinolinolate; and a cationic polymer which acts as a retaining agentfor the metallic quinolinolate in the synthetic sheet material. Thedecay resistant sheet material is formed generally by a papermakingprocess. The cationic polymer can be polyacrylamide polymers. Thepolyacrylamide is used to make the sheet material decay resistant.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,429,741 and 5,641,458 relate to methods for treatingsludge with processed cellulose material combined with another material,e.g., a surface active agent, a detergent, a surfactant, a polymerand/or an organic polymer. Cellulose flakes and a method for making themare disclosed. They can be used for animal litter or bedding, food orfertilizer. Methods for absorbing, removing, and for cleanup of a firstliquid floating on or in a second liquid are disclosed, the methodemploying absorbent pellets. A typical surfactant useful in sludgeconditioning includes emulsions such as polyacrylamide. This prior artreference used the PAM as a surfactant for the sludge treatment.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,456,733 relates to a process for producing novelmulching pellets from waste paper scrap by incorporating particulatewater-insoluble, swellable, gel-forming polymer into the pellet-formingcomposition. The formed pellets swell and disintegrate after beingspread and impregnated with water, to increase their area of groundcoverage, to release any included nutrients or seeds, and to depositpolymer particles having water-absorbing properties.

The invention relates to a method for producing dry extruded mulchingpellets, containing particulate waste paper and a swelling agent,capable of application by means of simple spreading devices and beinghighly water-absorbent and water retentive. Upon impregnation withapplied water or rain, the pellets swell, expand and disintegrate toincrease their area of ground coverage and provide a water-absorbingsurface covering which prevents water run-off and which helps maintainmoisture in the soil. The polyacrylamide increases water absorption ofthe pellets. The disintegration or coming-apart of the swollen pelletsalso increases the exposed surface area of the mulch and facilitates therelease of seed and the release of nutrients into the soil to supportgermination and growth of seed and plants in the soil.

The most essential feature of the process and mulch pellets is theincorporation of a swelling agent comprising a water-insoluble,swellable, gel-forming, hydrophilic polymeric material, capable ofabsorbing substantial amounts of water, into pellets comprising wastepaper particles. The process consists nearly entirely of particulatewaste paper and contains a minor amount by weight, up to 10%, of a watersoluble, film-forming, polymeric binder material, and up to 10% of aswelling agent comprising a water-insoluble, water swellable,gel-forming, hydrophobic polymeric material in particulate form,distributed throughout the pellets. The mulch pellets comprise up toabout 99% by weight of particulate waste paper, which contains a smallamount by weight of a water-soluble film forming binder material such aspolyvinyl alcohol and/or cellulose binder material such as carboxymethylcellulose to bind the wood fibers in the paper making process. Theessential additive is the water-insoluble, gel forming, hydrophilicpolymer which is uniformly mixed in a powder form. The composition isfed to a conventional pellet mill and pelletized. Examples of polymersare cross-linked polyacrylamide polymers or polyacrylate polymers. Thisprior art used PAM for the benefit of it's swelling ability of thepellets.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,349,499 relates to a flaked mulch product having adensity similar to that of seed which is to be established, comprisingan agglomerated and compacted natural raw material whose density isadjusted to within 50% of the seed. The invention provideslignocellulosic mulch product. To the raw materials may also be addedvarious additives such as dyes and pigments, germination aids,fertilizer, and one or more surfactants and/or water absorbingsubstances. Surfactants may be added to encourage rapid water uptake andretention. Water absorbent materials such as polyacrylic acids, otherpolyacrylates, and the like may be used. In some uses, such syntheticpolymers may also serve as the binder, e.g., polyacrylic acid,polyacrylamides, and various acrylate, acrylic acid, and acrylamideco-and terpolymers. This prior art reference used PAM as a binder forthe mulch product.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,360,478 relates to a completely biodegradable mulchproduct which forms a mechanically bonded yet open fiber mulch matrixcontaining natural fibers and interlockable crimped natural fibers, thecrimped natural fibers being crimped by a process which induces awater-resistant permanent crimp.

A polymer-based water absorbent may be dispersed throughout the fibermulch to increase the mulch water absorption capacity. The polymer basedwater absorbent is preferably present at about 5% to 15% of the mulchweight. The water absorbent is preferably a powder such as apolyacrylamide-based copolymer powder that absorbs many times its ownweight in water. The polymer-based water absorbent is then dispersedinto the fiber mulch to increase its water absorption capacity. Thewater absorbent is preferably mechanically dispersed into the mixedmulch fiber-crimped synthetic fiber mulch. This prior art reference usedPAM for the benefit of the mulch product.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,741,832, 5,779,782 and 5,942,029 relate to mechanicallybonded, water absorbent fiber mulch including natural and crimpedsynthetic fibers that are intimately mixed to form a mechanically bondedfiber mulch. A water-absorbent polymer based material is dispersedthroughout the fiber mulch to increase its water absorption capacity.The polymer based water absorbent is preferably present at about 5% to15% of the mulch weight. The water absorbent is preferably a powder suchas polyacrylamide based copolymer powder that absorbs many times its ownweight in water. The polymer-based water absorbent is then dispersedinto the fiber mulch to increase its water absorption capacity. Thewater absorption is preferably mechanically dispersed into the mixednatural fiber-synthetic fiber mulch. This prior art reference used PAMfor the benefit of the mulch product.

None of the prior art references uses solid carriers as a means ofapplying PAM to the soil. In the prior art, PAM has been included inmulch, as a surfactant, as a water absorbent polymer, to alter the stateof the mulch (cause expansion of the mulch when watered), increase mulchsize to enable the mulch to better cover the seed bed, to increase themulch's ability to absorb more water to lower the amount of excesswater, and hence reduce water runoff and hence soil loss, to holdmulches together as a binder and to increase stickiness of a mulch tokeep it in place.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for applying PAM or anothersoil stabilizer to soil wherein PAM or another soil stabilizer isprecisely intermixed, impregnated and/or applied to solid carriers. Thesolid carriers can be comprised of organic and/or inorganic materialsthat can be applied to soil. These materials may contain fertilizers,soil amendments, soil conditioners, and/or waste products. The solidcarrier can be produced by agglomeration. It is an object of the presentinvention for the solid carrier to be an agglomerate. Other termscommonly used to describe agglomeration is granulation and compaction asthey both relate to particle size enlargement. The solid carrier acts asa delivery system for the soil stabilizer. By controlling the rate ofsolid carrier metered to the soil, you in turn, control the amount ofsoil stabilizer metered to the soil. The present invention relates toany solid carrier that can be applied through conventional means, suchas, spreaders. In a preferred embodiment, these industries includeagricultural and horticulture. PAM is not easily applied to the soil. Itis currently applied via irrigation systems or in it's dry, granularform. Given its low rate of application, challenges are many.

The present invention relates to adding PAM to a solid carrier, applyingthe solid carrier to the soil; applying water to the solid carrier; andleaching PAM out of the solid carrier into the soil. The water can benatural in the form of rain or applied by man made means. The waterserves as an activation agent or catalyst in that, without it, neithercomponent provides much value to the soil and/or plant life. It is anobject of the present invention for the PAM to be in a dry granularform. It is an object of the present invention for the solid carrier tocomprise a mulch or fertilizer. It is an object of the present inventionto add fertilizers and/or soil amendments to the solid carrier. It is anobject of the present invention for the solid carrier to comprisefibrous material. It is an object of the present invention for the solidcarrier to be in the form of a granule, extruded pellet, woven mat,flake and/or formed bale and or size reduced particle. It is an objectof the present invention for the solid carrier to contain a seed. It isan object of the present invention to add pesticides or herbicides tothe solid carrier. It is an object of the present invention for thesolid carrier to comprise a fertilizer. It is an object of the presentinvention for the solid carrier to have disease causing microbes, suchas animal manure added to it. It is an object of the present inventionfor the solid carrier used to apply PAM to soil to comprise mulch andPAM. It is an object of the present invention to add aluminum sulfateand/or calcium oxide to the solid carrier. The addition of theseelements with PAM assists in slowing down the loss of phosphorous inrunoff.

The present invention relates to a method for applying a soil stabilizerto the soil comprising adding a soil stabilizer to a solid carrier andapplying the solid carrier to the soil. Water is applied to the solidcarrier which then releases the soil stabilizer out of the solid carrierinto the soil. It is an object of the present invention for the soilstabilizer to be selected from the group consisting of: start xanthate,acid hydrolyzed cellulose microfibrils, chitin, gypsum, PAM,hydrocolloidal polysaccharide, acrylic copolymers, and/or sodiumacrylate, and any combination of the above.

It is an object of the present invention for the weight of the soilstabilizer to be less than 50% of the total solid carrier weight.

It is an object of the present invention for the soil stabilizer to beselected from the group consisting of: polyacrylamide,polyethylene-imines, polyamides-amines, polyamines, polyethylene-oxide,and sulfonated compounds.

It is an object of the present invention for the solid carrier to becomprised of a material that was previously treated with an ingredientthat has soil stabilizing properties.

It is an object of the present invention for the material to be derivedfrom potable water treatment, dewatering of sewage sludges, washing andlye-peeling of fruits and vegetables, clarification of sugar juice andliquor, adhesives and paper in contact with food, animal feed thickenersand suspending agents, cosmetics, paper manufacturing, various miningand drilling applications.

It is an object of the present invention for the solid carriers toinclude mineral elements. It is an object of the present invention forthe soil stabilizer to hold mineral elements in the soil. There are 13mineral elements within the soil that are recognized as being essentialfor plant growth. The amounts of these elements found within plants varyconsiderably; hence they are grouped into macronutrients, secondarynutrients, and micronutrients, depending on the relative amountsrequired for growth. Macronutrients are: Nitrogen Phosphorous andPotassium. Secondary nutrients are sulfur, calcium and magnesium.Micronutrients are iron, manganese, boron, copper, zinc, molybdenum andchlorine.

The present invention relates to a method of applying cross-linkedpolyacrylamide to soil comprising: adding cross-linked polyacrylamide toa solid carrier. The solid carrier is applied to the soil. Water is thenapplied to the solid carrier. This releases the cross-linkedpolyacrylamide out of the solid carrier and into the soil.

The present invention relates to a solid carrier used to applycross-linked polyacrylamide to soil comprising a solid carrier andcross-linked polyacrylamide.

The present invention relates to a method of applying soil stabilizer tosoil comprising adding soil stabilizer to a solid carrier. The solidcarrier is comprised of at least 25% particles in excess of 1 mm indiameter. The solid carrier is applied to soil. Water is applied to thesolid carrier releasing the soil stabilizer out of the solid carrierinto the soil.

Solid carriers can be made by a number of ways of agglomerationprocesses, including agitation, pressure, liquid and thermal. Agitationagglomeration includes the methods: tumbling, mixing, granulation,pelletizing, balling, conditioning, and instantizing. Pressureagglomeration includes the methods: briquetting, compacting, extrusion,pelleting, molding, tabletting and isostatic pressing. Liquidagglomeration includes the methods: spray drying, spray granulation,fluid bed granulation, prilling, agglomeration in liquid media, oilagglomeration and globulation. Thermal agglomeration includes themethods: sintering, induration, nodulizing, calcining,drying/solidification, partial gasification/charring and flaking.

Agitation agglomeration can use the following equipment: mixers(planetary, cone, ribbon, pintype, drum, counter-current, vertical,paddle, pugmills), Disc pelletizers (pan granulators), drum pelletizersand cone pelletizers. Pressure agglomeration can use the followingequipment: roller presses (roll briquetters, roll compactors),piston/ram presses, pellet mills (ring die, flat die), extruders (auger,screw, screen, basket), tablet presses. Liquid agglomeration can use thefollowing equipment: spray dryers, prill towers, spray/fluid bed,granulators, mixers for oil agglomeration. Thermal agglomeration can usethe following equipment: sinter strands, traveling grates, rotary kilns,shaft furnaces and drum/belt flakers.

Solid carriers can also be made via a process of size reduction whereina material is reduced into smaller particle sizes. In an embodiment, thesolid carrier is comprised of materials that are not in a liquid orslurry state.

It is an object of the present invention for the PAM to be anionic. Itis an object of the present invention for the PAM to be neutral. It isan object of the present invention for the PAM to be cationic.

It is an object of the present invention for the soil stabilizer toreduce the need for erosion mats in slope applications prior toestablishment of permanent vegetation. It is an object of the presentinvention for the PAM to increase permeability of the soil. It is anobject of the present invention for the PAM to bind to the soil toincrease infiltration of the fertilizer and water within the soil.

It is an object of the present invention for the soil stabilizer toimprove water infiltration of the soil, thereby improving the soil'sability to absorb water. It is an object of the present invention forthe soil stabilizer to improve water infiltration of the soil, therebyreducing the amount and/or frequency of water needed for the soil. It isan object of the present invention for the soil stabilizer to reducesoil packing and cracking. It is an object of the present invention forthe soil stabilizer to improve soil tillability. It is an object of thepresent invention for the soil stabilizer to be an anticrusting agent inthe soil. It is an object of the present invention for the soilstabilizer to reduce rilling of the soil.

It is an object of the present invention for PAM to bind to thefertilizer to reduce leaching of the fertilizer within the soil. It isan object of the present invention for the PAM to bind to the soil andthe fertilizer to reduce runoff of the fertilizer from the soil. It isan object of the present invention for PAM to bind to the soil and thefertilizer to hold the fertilizer in the soil. It is an object of thepresent invention for the soil stabilizer to reduce erosion of the soil,thereby reducing erosion of the fertilizer, thereby reducing fertilizerusage and fertilizer cost per acre. It is an object of the presentinvention for the soil stabilizer to improve water infiltration of thesoil, thereby reducing erosion of the fertilizer, thereby reducingfertilizer usage and fertilizer cost per acre. It is an object of thepresent invention for the soil stabilizer to hold nutrients in the soil,thereby reducing fertilizer usage and cost per acre.

By combining plant nutrients with the proper soil conditioningmaterials, more of the plant nutrients can be made available for uptakeby the targeted plants. Since PAM binds nutrients and stabilizes soil,it reduces fertilizer leaching and runoff. In effect it works as a PAMdam to fertilizer as it works to maximize the performance if the soil inrelationship to the nutrients. PAM acts as an enabler to soil to improveits capacity to hold the nutrients in place for use by the plants.

It is an object of the present invention for the soil stabilizer toreduce runoff and leaching of microbes in the soil. It is an object ofthe present invention for the soil stabilizer to prevent movement ofsediment containing nutrient, pesticides and other matter. It is anobject of the present invention for the soil stabilizer to comprisealuminum sulfate and/or calcium oxide. It is an object of the presentinvention for the soil stabilizer to reduce total fecal coliformbacteria and fecal strep leaching and runoff from the soil. It is anobject of the present invention for the soil stabilizer to controlerosive forces by holding soils in place and ionically bonding themtogether to increase particle size.

It is an object of the present invention for the soil stabilizer toimprove survival and growth of plants. It is an object of the presentinvention for the soil stabilizer to reduce the time for seed emergencewithin the soil. It is an object of the present invention for the soilstabilizer to improve root growth of plants within the soil. It is anobject of the present invention for the soil stabilizer to improve cropyield within the soil. It is an object of the present invention for thesoil stabilizer to when added to the soil to result in a cleaner harvestof root crop. It is an object of the present invention for the soilstabilizer to expedite crop maturity.

It is an object of the present invention for the soil stabilizer toincrease viability of shrub, tree, and/or vegetable transplants. It isan object of the invention for the soil stabilizer to deepen plantrooting in the soil. It is an object of the present invention for thesoil stabilizer to advance planting dates by drying the soil faster. Itis an object of the present invention for the soil stabilizer to improvecrop quality in the soil. It is an object of the present invention forthe soil stabilizer to increase germination rates of the seed in thesoil. It is an object of the present invention for the soil stabilizerto reduce soil-borne diseases within the soil.

The present invention relates to a method of improving soil penetrationcomprising; applying to the soil by conventional application equipment asolid carrier. The solid carrier comprises a soil stabilizer. Water isadded to the solid carrier, releasing the soil stabilizer into the soil.

The present invention relates to a method of reducing soil erosioncomprising; applying to the soil by conventional application equipment asolid carrier. The solid carrier comprises a soil stabilizer. Water isadded to the solid carrier, releasing the soil stabilizer into the soil.

The present invention relates to a method of reducing fertilizer runoffand leaching comprising; applying to the soil by conventionalapplication equipment a solid carrier. The solid carrier comprises asoil stabilizer. Water is added to the solid carrier, releasing the soilstabilizer into the soil.

Water soluble polyacrylamides (PAMs) have been proposed as soilamendments for various agricultural purposes. Water soluble polymers,generically described as polyacrylamides (PAMs) appear to have a varietyof beneficial soil amendment properties, including minimization of waterrun-off, erosion, and crusting, and stabilization of soil structure.This benefit extends to the general reduction of runoff of fertilizer,pesticide and herbicide.

PAM is a long chain synthetic polymer that acts as a strengtheningagent, binding soil particles together. It is harder for water to movethese larger, heavier particles of soil. PAM applied in the irrigationwater reduced soil erosion in furrows by over 95 percent, when comparedto irrigation without the polymer.

The present invention allows the user to not have to mix the PAM in thefield. The PAM of the present invention does not clog weed screens,filters or narrow siphons as this equipment is not required. Further themethod of the present invention allows a user to avoid the risk ofhandling the dry concentrate. The method of the present inventionfurther avoids the bulkier equipment that has been used to apply PAM inthe prior art. The method of the present invention avoids the need forlarge stock solution volumes which are needed for large fields, or whereadvance rate is slow; mixing field solution from concentrate which takesconsiderable time and requires dedicated equipment.

The method of the present invention avoids the disadvantages of adding aliquid concentrate (oil-emulsion) application directly to the soil.Using the method of the present invention, application is done usingstandard spreading equipment and need not be sophisticated (compared tothat for pre-mixed solutions) to obtain uniform metering rates. Thepresent invention does not require oil and surfactant components thatprovide no known benefits to crops.

Though PAM can be incorporated in any physical state into the solidcarrier under the current invention, dry PAM is preferred because itimpregnates easier into the solid carrier then other forms of PAM. Alsodry PAM can be purchased and stored and may be the least expensive formof PAM. Further, by applying PAM by the method of the present inventionapplication equipment does not tend to plug, nor does weed screens andfilters. There is no danger from choking from inhalation of PAM dustwhile filling machine. If one were to apply dry PAM directly to a field,there would be greater PAM losses from the field since there is lesscontrol of dissolution. Further by applying dry PAM directly to the soilthere is poorer uniformity of distribution than the present invention.The rate of PAM addition must be based on total irrigation inflow rate,erosion potential for a field, and desired injection concentration.

Application rates of anionic PAM mixtures may need to be adjusted basedon soil type, slope, and type of erosion targeted (i.e., wind or water).Anionic PAM mixtures may be applied to steeper slopes when used withother erosion control BMPs such as seed and mulch or erosion mat.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In an embodiment, a cross-linked polyacrylamide is added to the solidcarrier which is then applied to the soil. Water is then applied to thesolid carrier which releases the cross-linked polyacrylamide from thesolid carrier into the soil. Superabsorbent cross-linked polyacrylamideare used in several types of applications for absorbing aqueoussolutions. The polymers can be used for solidifying any water basedmaterial. These polymers act as a reservoir of water that is availableto plants on demand, reducing plant shock and the effects of drought.When added to soil, plant roots grow directly into the water-swollenpolymers, tapping the reserve as needed. An example of such a polymerincludes a cross-linked potassium polyacrylate/polyacrylamide copolymer.

In an embodiment, a soil stabilizer is added to a solid carrier which isthen applied to the soil. Water is applied to the solid carrier whichthen releases the soil stabilizer out of the solid carrier into thesoil. Examples of soil stabilizers are: start xanthate, acid hydrolyzedcellulose microfibrils, chitin, gypsum, PAM, hydrocolloidalpolysaccharide, acrylic copolymers, and/or sodium acrylate, and anycombination of the above. Three polysaccharides (start xanthate, acidhydrolyzed cellulose microfibrils and chitin) have been shown to reducesoil loss. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked byglycosidic bonds. Three important polysaccharides, starch, glycogen andcellulose are composed of glucose. Starch and glycogen serve as shortterm energy stores in plants and animals, respectively. The glucosemonomers are linked by glycosidic bonds. These are biodegradablepolymers that have similar properties to water soluble PAM. In anembodiment of the present invention these polysaccharides are used as anadditive or substitute to PAM.

Gypsum when combined with PAM is effective in reducing both soil lossand water runoff. Overall results indicate that a timely combination ofthese surface treatments such as tillage, mulch, canopy, gypsum, and PAMare useful and effective in combating water runoff and soil loss oncultivated lands. In an embodiment of the present invention, gypsum isused as an additive to the PAM of the present invention.

Guar gum is a natural high molecular weight hydrocolloidalpolysaccharide composed of galactan and mannan units combined throughglycosidic linkages which may be described chemically as galactomannan.It has been commonly used as a soil stabilizer for many years. It is awhite to yellowish white powder. It is dissolved in cold or hot water,and forms a slime of high viscosity. In an embodiment of the presentinvention guar gum is used as an additive or a substitute for the PAM ofthe present invention.

Acrylic copolymers are commonly used as soil stabilizers. In addition,sodium acrylate is commonly combined with water soluble PAM and used asa soil stabilizer. An acrylate is a salt or ester of propenoic acid. Inan embodiment of the present invention these are used as additives orsubstitutes of PAM.

In an embodiment, soil stabilizer is added to the solid carrier, whereinthe solid carrier is comprised of at least about 25% particles in excessof 1 mm in diameter. The solid carrier is applied to the soil. Water isthen applied to the solid carrier which releases the soil stabilizer outof the solid carrier into the soil. When dealing with polymers andfertilizers, soil amendments, soil mulches, and carriers, particle sizematters as it affects agronomic response, granulation and processperformance, and blending, storage, handling and application properties.In general, the smaller the particle size, the more rapidly dissolutionoccurs. Before about 1950, almost all fertilizers were produced asrelatively fine powders or small crystals. As a result, fertilizersusually were dusty during handling and very susceptible to hard cakingduring storage in piles or bags. The growth of granulation(agglomeration) resulted in great improvement in storage, handling andapplication properties. This growth was paralleled by improvement inapplication equipment that took advantage of the better flow propertiesand reduction of caking in granular products. In the United States, thetypical size range of granular fertilizer products is around 1-3.35 mm.In European countries and Japan, sizes are generally in the 2-4 mmrange. In a preferred embodiment, the solid carrier is in the size rangeof about 5/16 to about 30 mesh (0.0234 inches or 600 microns).

In one embodiment of the invention the solid carrier is a mulch made byusing a paper fiber based product, which can be moist, and impregnatingit with PAM. In a further embodiment, the mulch can also be impregnatedwith soil amendments and fortifiers. A mixer can be used to create themulch, preferably a pin mixer, but can also be a pan pelletizer, paddlemixer, drum granulator or other type of mixer. The paper fiber basedproduct is preferably comprised of a by-product of a paper makingprocess. Sewage sludge can be used to create the fortified mulch ratherthan paper fibers.

Below is an example of how a solid carrier (seed establishment mulch) ofthe present invention can be made using a pin mixer.

EXAMPLE Pin Mixer:

In a pin mixer, agglomeration occurs, when radially extended pinsmounted on a high velocity central rotor shaft, in a stationarycylindrical shell impart agitation forces on the material and sprayedliquid binder. This causes a tumbling movement resulting indensification.

Pin Arrangement:

Several different types of pin mixers were tested to determine the bestpin arrangement for creating a mulch. The double helix pin arrangementresulted in a round more uniform pellet. The internal casing length anddiameter were 23 inches and 6 inches, respectively. The dimensions ofthe shaft and pins included 2-inch diameter shaft and two-inch lengthpins. It was concluded that varying the speed (RPM) effected the pelletsize. Increasing the speed caused a decrease in particle size. It wasfound that the pin mixer when set at 650 RPM resulted in a product thatconsisted largely of end-size (−6, +16) product. The material created ashell, but its amperage did not increase. Mulch through the pin mixerreadily agglomerated and the discharged product was uniform in size andshape.

Retention Time:

A test was conducted to determine the retention time of the mulch.Material began to discharge at 2 seconds and ended at 23 seconds. Themajority of the material took 8 seconds. Small particles had shortretention time while larger particles took longer.

Pin Mixer: Material Feed Rates Ground Wet Paper:

Wet paper was added at 33 lbs/hr, but the product was not uniform andround, so the feed was decreased to 200 lbs./hr. A uniform product wasachieved at this rate. It was preferable to use a rate of 200 lbs/hr,however, a rate between 200 and, 300 lbs/hr is also acceptable. The wetpaper bridged in the screw feeder. The 3″ feeder was the mostconsistent.

PAM:

PAM was added at a dry granular rate of 6 lbs/hr into the pin mixer. Auniform product was received at this rate with the PAM beingsuccessfully impregnated into the mulch granules.

Water:

An added 36-lbs/hr of water was metered into the pin mixer. The percentmoisture in the paper was 52.3% water. A total of 140.6 lbs/hr ofmoisture is introduced when 200 lbs/hr of wet sludge is metered into thepin mixer.

NPK:

Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium fortifiers was added to the pin at a rateof 28 lbs/hr. A vibratory feeder was required to feed such a low rate.The fertilizer had to be screened prior to addition into the feedhopper.

Coating Drum Wet Mulch Pellets:

The wet mulch pellets were hand fed into a rotary drum. The drum had noapparent problem with varied low or high feed rate. The rotary dryerplaced limitations onto the coating drum feed rate. The majority (>90%)of agglomeration is done in the pin mixer. Since the material sent intothe coating drum was in the form of a pellet, the material readilyrolled.

Dryer:

The inlet and outlet air temperatures were 100 degrees Fahrenheit and180 F, respectively. The sample at these settings had a material outlettemperature ranging from 150 to 175 degrees Fahrenheit and moisturecontent of 2.5%.

Sieve Analysis:

A sieve analysis was conducted with the use of a screen. The end-sizeportion was between 6 and 16 mesh. A three hour continuous run wasproduced, dried, and screened. The results concluded a total of 300 lbsof material; 206 lbs on size (68.7%), 53 lbs, under-size (17.7%), and 41lbs, over-size (13.7%).

Mulch was applied with a conventional spreader. The desired applicationrate was set and achieved at a 1½ inch opening. The product was appliedat a rate of 50 lbs/1,000sq. ft. which was the desired application rate.

EXAMPLE 2

A laboratory test was conducted to impregnate a fertilizer granule (DAP)with PAM at a rate of 43 to 1. The raw materials were precisely measuredand fed into an ammoniator-granulator along with the metered dry PAMparticles. The granulator successfully agglomerated the finished solidcarrier. The solid carrier was then dried and screened to size. Thesolid carrier was then metered to the turf stand with a conventionaldrop spreader. After watering the solid carrier successfully deliveredthe precise amount of nutrient and PAM to the turf stand.

1. A method of applying a water-soluble soil stabilizer to soilcomprising: adding said water-soluble soil stabilizer to a solidcarrier; releasing said water-soluble soil stabilizer out of said solidcarrier into said soil; binding said water-soluble soil stabilizer tosaid soil; wherein application rates of said solid carrier to said soilis based on desired amount of said water-soluble soil stabilizer to bemetered to said soil;
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said solidcarrier is applied to said soil through conventional means, such as,spreaders.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein water is added to said solidcarrier to release said water-soluble soil stabilizer out of said solidcarrier.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said solid carrier iscomprised of: fertilizers and/or soil amendments.
 5. The method of claim1 wherein said solid carrier comprises fibrous material.
 6. The methodof claim 1 wherein said solid carrier further comprises a seed.
 7. Themethod of claim 1 further comprising: adding pesticides, herbicidesand/or insecticides to said solid carrier.
 8. A method of applying awater-soluble soil stabilizer to soil comprising: adding saidwater-soluble soil stabilizer to a solid carrier; releasing saidwater-soluble soil stabilizer out of said solid carrier into said soil;binding said water soluble soil stabilizer to said soil; whereinapplication rates of said solid carrier to said soil is based on desiredamount of said water-soluble soil stabilizer to be metered to said soil;wherein said solid carrier is an agglomerate.
 9. The method of claim 1wherein said weight of said water-soluble soil stabilizer of the totalsolid carrier weight is less than 50%.
 10. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid solid carrier is in the form of a granule, extruded pellet, wovenmat, flake and/or formed bale.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein saidsolid carrier further comprises disease causing microbes.
 12. The methodof claim 1 wherein said solid carrier further comprises aluminum sulfateand/or calcium oxide.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein saidwater-soluble soil stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of:polyacrylamide, polyethylene-imines, polyamides-amines, polyamines,polyethylene-oxide, guar, and sulfonated compounds.
 14. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said solid carrier is comprised of a material that waspreviously treated with an ingredient that has soil stabilizingproperties.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein said material is derivedfrom potable water treatment, dewatering of sewage sludges, washing andlye-peeling of fruits and vegetables, clarification of sugar juice andliquor, adhesives and paper in contact with food, animal feed thickenersand suspending agents, cosmetics, paper manufacturing, various miningand drilling applications.
 16. A method of applying water-soluble soilstabilizer to soil: adding said water-soluble soil stabilizer to a solidcarrier, said solid carrier comprised of at least about 25% particles inexcess of 1 mm in diameter; applying said solid carrier to said soil;releasing said water-soluble soil stabilizer out of said solid carrierinto said soil; binding said water soluble soil stabilizer to said soil;wherein application rates of said solid carrier to said soil is based ondesired amount of said water-soluble soil stabilizer to be metered tosaid soil.
 17. The method of claim 1 wherein said solid carrier containsmineral elements.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein said water-solublesoil stabilizer holds mineral elements in said soil.
 19. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said water-soluble soil stabilizer is anionic, cationicand/or neutral.
 20. The method of claim 1 wherein said water-solublesoil stabilizer reduces need for erosion mats in slope applicationsprior to establishment of permanent vegetation; increases permeabilityof said soil; binds to said soil to increase infiltration of saidfertilizer and water within said soil; improves water infiltration ofsaid soil, thereby improving soils ability to absorb water; and orimproves water infiltration of said soil, thereby reducing the amountand/or frequency of water needed for said soil.
 21. The method of claim1 wherein said water-soluble soil stabilizer reduces soil packing andcracking; improves soil tillability; reduces rilling of said soil;reduces runoff and leaching of microbes in said soil; reduces totalfecal coliform bacteria and fecal strep leaching and runoff from saidsoil; reduces runoff of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and/orfertilizers; reduces time for seed emergence within said soil; and/orreduces soil borne diseases within said soil.
 22. The method of claim 1wherein said water-soluble soil stabilizer is an anticrusting agent insaid soil.
 23. The method of claim 1 wherein said water-soluble soilstabilizer binds to fertilizer to reduce leaching of said fertilizerwithin said soil; binds to said soil and fertilizer to reduce runoff ofsaid fertilizer from said soil; and/or binds to said soil and fertilizerto hold said fertilizer in said soil.
 24. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid water-soluble soil stabilizer reduces erosion of said soil, therebyreducing erosion of said fertilizer, thereby reducing fertilizer usageand fertilizer cost per acre; and/or improves water infiltration of saidsoil, thereby reducing erosion of said fertilizer, thereby reducingfertilizer usage and fertilizer cost per acre.
 25. The method of claim 1wherein said water-soluble soil stabilizer holds nutrients in said soil,thereby reducing fertilizer usage and cost per acre; prevents movementof sediment containing nutrient, pesticides and other matter; and/orcontrols erosive forces by holding soils in place and ionically bondingthem together to increase particle size.
 26. The method of claim 1wherein said water-soluble soil stabilizer improves survival and growthof plants; improves root growth of plants within said soil; and/orimproves crop yield within said soil.
 27. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid water-soluble soil stabilizer results in a cleaner harvest of rootcrop; expedites crop maturity; increases viability of shrub, tree,and/or vegetable transplants; deepens plant rooting in said soil;advances planting dates by drying said soil faster; and increasesgermination rates of seed in said soil.
 28. A method of improving soilpenetration comprising; applying to said soil by conventionalapplication equipment a solid carrier; said solid carrier comprisingwater-soluble soil stabilizer; releasing said water-soluble soilstabilizer into said soil; binding said water soluble soil stabilizer tosaid soil; wherein application rates of said solid carrier to said soilis based on desired amount of said water-soluble soil stabilizer to bemetered to said soil.
 29. A method of reducing soil erosion comprising;applying to said soil by conventional application equipment a solidcarrier; said solid carrier comprising water-soluble soil stabilizer;releasing said water-soluble soil stabilizer into said soil; bindingsaid water soluble soil stabilizer to said soil; wherein applicationrates of said solid carrier to said soil is based on desired amount ofsaid water-soluble soil stabilizer to be metered to said soil.
 30. Amethod of reducing fertilizer runoff and leaching comprising; applyingto said soil by conventional application equipment a solid carrier; saidsolid carrier comprising water-soluble soil stabilizer; releasing saidwater-soluble soil stabilizer into said soil; binding said water solublesoil stabilizer to said soil; wherein application rates of said solidcarrier to said soil is based on desired amount of said water-solublesoil stabilizer to be metered to said soil.
 31. A method of applying awater-soluble soil stabilizer to soil comprising: adding saidwater-soluble soil stabilizer to a solid carrier; applying said solidcarrier to soil; leaching said water-soluble soil stabilizer out of saidsolid carrier into said soil; binding said water soluble soil stabilizerto said soil; wherein said solid carrier consists essentially of afertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and/or potash; whereinapplication rates of said solid carrier to said soil is based on desiredamount of said water-soluble soil stabilizer to be metered to said soil.32. A method of applying a water-soluble soil stabilizer to soilcomprising: adding said water-soluble soil stabilizer to a solidcarrier; applying said solid carrier to soil; leaching saidwater-soluble soil stabilizer out of said solid carrier into said soil;binding said water soluble soil stabilizer to said soil; wherein saidsolid carrier comprises a fibrous material; wherein application rates ofsaid solid carrier to said soil is based on desired amount of saidwater-soluble soil stabilizer to be metered to said soil.
 33. A methodfor applying water-soluble soil stabilizer to soil comprising;impregnating and/or applying water-soluble soil stabilizer to a solidcarrier; leaching said water-soluble soil stabilizer out of said solidcarrier with water into said soil; binding said water-soluble soilstabilizer to said soil; wherein application rates of said solid carrierto said soil is related to desired amount of said water-soluble soilstabilizer to be metered to said soil.
 34. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid water-soluble soil stabilizer acts as a flocculating agent and/oras a settling agent.
 35. The method of claim 1 wherein saidwater-soluble soil stabilizer is in a dry granular form and/oremulsified state.
 36. The method of claim 1 wherein said water-solublesoil stabilizer is in a liquid form.
 37. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid solid carrier comprises fibrous material, a seed, a mulch, and/or amaterial that was previously treated with water-soluble soil stabilizer;wherein said material includes material from mineral and coalprocessing, petroleum production, paper making, water treating, and foodprocessing.
 38. The method of claim 1 wherein said solid carrier iscomprised of nitrogen, phosphorus and/or potassium.
 39. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said solid carrier is an erosion control BMP such asseed and mulch or erosion mat.
 40. The method of claim 1 wherein saidsolid carrier is comprised of an amendment, soil conditioner and/orwaste product.
 41. The method of claim 1 wherein said solid carrier ismade by a size reduction and/or an agglomeration process, includingagitation, pressure, liquid and/or thermal; wherein said agitationprocess includes the methods of; tumbling, mixing, granulation,pelletizing, balling, conditioning, and/or instantizing; wherein saidpressure process includes the methods of briquetting, compacting,extrusion, pelleting, molding, tabletting and/or isostatic pressing;wherein said liquid process includes the methods of spray drying, spraygranulation, fluid bed granulation, prilling, agglomeration in liquidmedia, oil agglomeration and/or globulation; wherein said thermalprocess includes the methods of sintering, induration, nodulizing,calcining, drying/solidification, partial gasification/charring andflaking.
 42. A delivery system used to apply water-soluble soilstabilizer to soil comprising: a solid carrier and water-soluble soilstabilizer; wherein said solid carrier is made by an agglomerationprocess, including agitation, pressure, liquid and thermal; whereinapplication rates of said solid carrier to said soil is related todesired amount of said water-soluble soil stabilizer to be metered tosaid soil; wherein said water-soluble soil stabilizer binds to saidsoil.
 43. The method of claim 1 wherein said soil stabilizer furthercomprises cross-linked soil stabilizers.